Course Description:

Welcome to our Biology Cambridge IGCSE course, meticulously tailored to help you conquer the intricacies of Topic 9: Transport in Animals. This comprehensive course is specifically designed for both Code 0610 and Code 0970 syllabi, ensuring you’re well-prepared for the IGCSE Biology examination.

Course Highlights:

• Comprehensive Core and Supplement Objectives: Master all core and supplement objectives as outlined in the syllabus for theory (papers 1, 2, 3, 4). These objectives provide a solid foundation for exam success.
• Thoroughly Explained Experiments: Gain a deep understanding of practical experiments with detailed explanations. Notes summarize the method, results, interpretation, evaluation, reliability, and conclusion, enabling you to excel in paper 6 questions.

Course Outline & Objectives (Core and Supplement):

1. Circulatory Systems (Lesson 1): Key objectives include:

• Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure a one-way flow of blood Supplement.
• Describe the single circulation of a fish.
• Describe the double circulation of a mammal.
• Explain the advantages of double circulation.

2. Heart (Lesson 2): Key objectives include:

• Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles, left and right atria, one-way valves, and coronary arteries.
• State that blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
• State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by: ECG, pulse rate, and listening to sounds of valves closing.
• Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age, and sex.
• Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
• Identify in diagrams and images the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart.
• Explain the relative thickness of (a) the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles and (b) the muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles.
• Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves.
• Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate.

3. Blood Vessels (Lesson 3): Key objectives include:

• Describe the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries, limited to the relative thickness of wall, the diameter of the lumen, and the presence of valves in veins.
• State the functions of capillaries.
• Identify in diagrams and images the main blood vessels to and from the: (a) heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein (b) lungs, limited to pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein (c) kidney, limited to renal artery and renal vein.
• Explain how the structure of arteries and veins is related to the pressure of the blood that they transport.
• Explain how the structure of capillaries is related to their functions.
• Identify, in diagrams and images, the main blood vessels to and from the liver as hepatic artery, hepatic veins, and hepatic portal vein.

4. Blood (Lesson 4): Key objectives include:

• List the components of blood as: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
• Identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs and diagrams.
• State the functions of the following components of blood: (a) red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of hemoglobin (b) white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production (c) platelets in clotting (details are not required) (d) plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones, and carbon dioxide.
• State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and the entry of pathogens.
• Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs and diagrams.
• State the functions of (a) lymphocytes – antibody production (b) phagocytes – engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis.
• Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh.

5. Experiment – Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate (Lesson 5): Key objectives include:

• To investigate the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.